Three effects of the Industrial Revolution Essay

Three impacts of the Industrial Revolution - Essay Example The laborers themselves likewise took certain measures to shield their privileges and interests †the most vital of these measures is the detailing of worker's guilds. Aside from mechanical changes, the social framework additionally changed. Preceding the upset, the individuals used to live in little towns, and they filled in as skilled workers or farming laborer, and used to do generally everything by hand. In Britain, seventy five percent of the populace for the most part used to live in the open country and cultivating was the most predominant and mainstream populace. In any case, when Industrial Revolution appeared, everything changed. The patched up laws involved that the brushing grounds ought to be fenced to the detriment of the proprietor, this likewise prompted the chapter 11 and joblessness of a significant number of the homestead proprietors. Therefore, there were additionally numerous individuals who were constrained to work at the new industrial facilities. This like wise made them relocate to different towns and urban areas, and thus, they were nearer to their new position. There were clearly drawbacks related with this: they got moderately less cash-flow for working extended periods of time at a stretch, and the costs which accompanied moving to a urban zone was an extra weight. Consequently ladies and youngsters were conveyed to function also in light of the fact that families urgently required cash to get by. It likewise end up being useful in a manner on the grounds that the production line proprietors found that youngsters were better at getting things and could be formed all the more effectively to the working conditions. They could likewise work in the mines and were little and graceful enough to remove the coal, making them forthcoming and perfect possibility for the activity (Doyle, 2). However,...There was one aftereffect of these conditions that significant activity was embraced to protect the laborers, particularly ladies and kids f rom the dangers of the manufacturing plant framework. There were additionally sure laws that were passed concerning the security gauges and measures in production lines, as far as possible for the young, and making schools for those kids whose guardians worked in the industrial facilities, and furthermore different measures for protecting the lives of the laborers. The laborers themselves likewise took certain measures to shield their privileges and interests †the most urgent of these measures is the definition of worker's guilds. Aside from innovative changes, the social framework likewise changed. Before the upset, the individuals used to live in little towns, and they filled in as experts or horticultural specialist, and used to do generally everything by hand. In Britain, seventy five percent of the populace generally used to live in the open country and cultivating was the most predominant and well known populace. In any case, when Industrial Revolution appeared, everything changed. The patched up laws involved that the touching grounds ought to be fenced to the detriment of the proprietor, this additionally prompted the chapter 11 and joblessness of huge numbers of the homestead proprietors. Thusly ladies and youngsters were conveyed to fill in also in light of the fact that families frantically required cash to get by. In any case, since the laborers and youngsters were over-endeavoring at work, there was almost no an ideal opportunity for family connection.

Operation Thriller, a Free Writing Competition

Activity Thriller, a Free Writing Competition Activity: Thriller, a Free Writing Competition A month or so back, we had a pleasant talk with Monica Landers, the CEO of Authors.me, a cool startup hoping to encourage the entries and acquisitions process for writers, operators, and distributers alike.We’ve been needing to run a composing rivalry for an a considerable amount, and Authors.me gave the ideal stage to us and our appointed authorities to deal with the entries and experience them. So we chose to at long last do it and dispatch our first composing challenge, Operation: Thriller, along with them.UPDATE: As of 2018, we currently run a week by week composing rivalry here at Reedsy! Snap here to enter, and look at this registry for 300+ all the more composing challenges around the web! 🠏†How to participate in the composing competitionThe challenge is available to all US and UK creators, and you don’t need to pay a thing in light of the fact that there is no passage charge. The main thing required is that you have composed a spine chiller novel (for example a work of fiction of 60,000 to 90,000 words). The story must be for a grown-up crowd and have a spine chiller interest as primary part. Comfortable wrongdoing or comfortable secret books won't be acknowledged.. Paranormal or theoretical fiction components are permitted as long as the spine chiller interest remains overwhelming. For instance, if yours is the principal book of a tragic set of three, we won’t acknowledge it, regardless of whether it’s quick paced. In any case, we will acknowledge techno-thrillers.If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask here in the remarks, or then again feel free to submit, you’ve got nothing to lose all things considered! To submit, simply head over to the composing competition’s point of arrival and snap on â€Å"Enter the Competition†. You’ll be utilizing the Authors.me stage to transfer your book and fill in the subtleties (metadata) about it, which makes it both simpler for you to submit, and for the adjudicators to review!You have until March 31st to present your entry.The judges and the audit processAfter that cutoff time, we will give our appointed authorities one month to experience the entries to pick the three champs. You will be assessed on all the standard components of your art by four prepared experts who do that professionally (read progressively about them here).Of course, exceptional consideration will be paid to the initial barely any pages of your original copy, so ensure that they're as solid as they can be before submitting! We'd suggest looking at our question training camp section for guidance on composing a spine chiller submission.We’re especially glad to have two Reedsy editors among the four adjudicators: ex Orion Books editorial manager Joanne Glehill and ex Egmont Books charging proofreader Philippa Donovan, who both have broad experienceâ in the spine chiller genre.The champs will be reported on May ninth, 2016.Awesome Reedsy and mo ney prizesWe get the opportunity to have a portion of the world’s best editors on the Reedsy commercial center, so we thought we’d permit the composing competition’s victors to profit by their ability †for nothing. We’ll be offering a free formative alter to the main champ and a free article appraisal to the sprinter up.On top of this, Authors.me offers a free 1-year membership to their top notch administration, Authors Discovery, to every one of the 3 victors. To wrap things up, there are up to $1,300 of money prizes to grab.Here’s the specific break-out of the prizes for the three victors of the composing competition.Care to assist us with getting the message out? Here's a simple for you ðÿ™‚ Look at this free Thriller Competition! #ThrillerWriter #writingcontest pic.twitter.com/3IcXtb90hr Participate in the challenge here! What's more, in the event that you have any inquiries, don't hesitate to ask us in the remarks. A goodness it's so cool no doubt about it will likewise be acknowledged in the remarks ðÿ˜‰

Aromatherapy Massage Benefits and Precautions

Aromatherapy Massage Benefits and Precautions February 03, 2020  Hero Images/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Benefits What to Expect Precautions Aromatherapy massage is Swedish massage therapy using massage oil or lotion that contains essential oils (highly concentrated plant oils). During an aromatherapy massage, you inhale these essential oil molecules or absorb them through your skin. They are thought to promote beneficial changes in your mind and body by affecting the limbic system, a region of the brain known to be involved in emotion. Why Do People Get Aromatherapy Massage? Each essential oil used in aromatherapy is said to have different properties. For example, some calm and make you feel relaxed  while others energize. Here are some widely used essential oils and their purported properties:Calming:  chamomile, lavender, and geranium oilUplifting:  ylang-ylang, clary sage, rose, and neroli oilEnergizing: rosemary oilDecongesting: eucalyptus, pine, and  tea tree oil Since aromatherapy massage techniques are often the same as those used in Swedish massage (the most common type of massage in the US), people often get it for sore back, neck, and/or shoulder muscles or to ease stress. Use of therapeutic essential oils in massage is being explored for the following conditions: AnxietyDementia symptomsDepressionInsomniaMenstrual painSupportive care for people with conditions such as cancer Benefits Aromatherapy massage appears to reduce the pain and discomfort of menstrual cramps, a 2015 study from the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology  suggests. Participants did a self-massage with rose essential oil, an unscented almond oil, or no oil on the first day of menstruation for two menstrual cycles. By the second cycle, aromatherapy massage reduced the severity of pain compared to massage therapy with almond oil or no oil.?? Massage with aromatherapy may also ease menopausal symptoms. In a 2012 study published in Menopause, researchers compared 30-minute aromatherapy massage (twice a week for four weeks) to massage with plain oil or no treatment and found that both massage and aromatherapy massage were effective in reducing menopausal symptoms (with aromatherapy massage being more effective than massage only).?? Other research suggests that aromatherapy massage may not relieve symptoms in people with cancer. A review published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2016, analyzed previously published studies and concluded that this review demonstrated no differences in effects of massage on depression, mood disturbance, psychological distress, nausea, fatigue, physical symptom distress, or quality of life when compared with no massage.?? When comparing aromatherapy massage with no massage, they found that there was some indication of benefit in the aromatherapy-massage group but this benefit is unlikely to translate into clinical benefit.?? What to Expect During an Aromatherapy Massage Although you can find aromatherapy massage at almost every massage clinic or spa, the style of treatment, degree of customization, and the quality of essential oils varies widely. Many massage therapists have one or more premixed blends and will select the blend based on your health concerns. A massage for relaxation and stress relief would likely include lavender essential oil, while an uplifting massage may include rosemary essential oil. Your therapist may involve you in the selection process by asking you to smell various blends. Some massage therapists may add essential oils to massage oil immediately before each massage based on your unique condition or health goals. The quality of the essential oils varies widely. Essential oils are different from oils made with synthetic scents which dont have therapeutic effects. Massage therapists who are highly knowledgeable about aromatherapy tend to use quality essential oils in their massage oils. Once the massage oil is selected, the therapist leaves the room so you can disrobe and lie on the massage table. You will usually be asked to lie face down under a sheet. When the massage therapist begins the massage, you may notice the subtle aroma of essential oils. After the massage, the massage therapist may suggest a blend that you can use at home in between massage treatments. Tips to Make the Most of Your Massage: Avoid eating a meal right before a massage.If its your first time at the clinic or spa, arrive early so you can complete the necessary forms. Otherwise, you may want to give yourself some time to rest and relax before starting the massage. Precautions A licensed massage therapist should take your health history before the massage. Essential oils may cause an allergic skin reaction. Essential oils are highly potent and can be absorbed through the skin, so its important to avoid excessive use of aromatherapy oils and to only use oils that have been properly diluted by a carrier oil. If youre sensitive to scents, aromatherapy may not be right for you. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, check with your doctor to see if this type of massage is safe for you. If it is, your doctor may also be able to recommend a licensed massage therapist who is certified in pregnancy massage. Massage shouldnt be done directly over bruises, skin rashes, inflamed or weak skin, unhealed wounds, tumors, abdominal hernia, or fractures. If a massage is painful, tell your massage therapist immediately. If you have a health condition, you should consult your doctor before getting an aromatherapy massage. People with certain conditions, such as cancer, may need to avoid essential oils and/or massage at certain times during their treatment or avoid it altogether.?? Final Thoughts Aromatherapy with essential oil-scented massage oils and lotions may help to ease stress and anxiety. If youre considering trying aromatherapy massage, its a good idea to talk with your healthcare provider first to discuss whether its appropriate for you.

Diabetes Mellitus A Disease That Is Characterized By...

Diabetes Mellitus â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that is characterized by chronic hypoglycemia† (ATI 2011). There are three classifications of Diabetes; Type One is classified as juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes. This type of diabetes does is where the immune system destroys cells that release insulin, eliminating the production of insulin in the body. Without insulin, cells can t absorb the sugar in the body; sugars are used to make energy by the body. Secondly, Type Two diabetes is classified as adult-onset or non-insulin dependent diabetes. This type of diabetes can develop at any age, and is usually based on lifestyle choices. In Type Two, the body isn’t able to make use of the insulin that is currently being produced, which is classified as resistance of insulin. As this disease progresses, the pancreas will produce less insulin, causing a deficiency. Thirdly, Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnancy. It is situational diabetes when the development of the fetus blo cks the production of insulin by the pancreas. The risk factors for Type One diabetes include family history, climate, childhood diet, and exposure to viral infections, respiratory infections, and some environmental factors. While risk factors for Type Two diabetes include family history, being overweight, eating an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, high blood pressure, ethnicity, impaired glucose tolerance, and poor nutrition during pregnancy. There are a few differences between theseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1381 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body has the inability to produce insulin or react normally to insulin. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is extremely complex, as diabetes mellitus is characterized by different types but share common symptoms and complications. 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Type diabetes is geneticRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus Type 15889 Words   |  24 PagesCLARIFICATION †¢ A metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from decreased insulin secretion and insulin receptor sensitivity. Chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes leads to microvascular and macrovascular complications 1 CLASSIFICATION 1 †¢ Diabetes mellitus type 2 ââ€"‹ Accounts for 90-95% of cases of diabetes ââ€"‹ Less common types of diabetes include: diabetes mellitus type 1, gestational diabetes, diabetes due to genetic defects, drug-induced diabetes, endocrinopathy based diabetes, exocrine pancreasRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus And The Long Term Complications1385 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneral idea of diabetes mellitus, epidemiology, role factors and complications that arise from it, comparing and exhibiting the distinctions between type I type II diabetes, the people who are in jeopardy of developing diabetic renal diseases and hypertension due to the complications identifying the general pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus the long term complications that may transpire. Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is one of the very prevalent metabolic diseases that affect

Evidence-Based Practices For Youth Offenders - 1343 Words

The National Registry for Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (NREPP), which is preserved by the United States’ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), provide a list of all evidence-based practices that are beneficial for youth offenders (SAMHSA, 2017). Per SAMHSA (2017), between 50-70 percent of the youth in the juvenile justice system, have a mental disorder and up to 60 percent have been diagnosed with a substance use disorder (SAMHSA, 2017). Of those youth with dual diagnosis, approximately 30 percent have lost the ability to function as a result of their disorder (SAMHSA, 2017). Therefore, to determine the best treatment plan for youth offenders, evidence-based practices focus on the importance of†¦show more content†¦Therefore, numerous interventions have been designed to address and redirect specific behaviors of delinquent youth who are at-risk for recidivism or who have been incarcerated and are facing greater involvement within the juvenile justice system (Youth.Gov, 2017). More importantly, not every intervention works with every youth offender. The key is to focus on each youth as an individual and not as a population. The utilization of evidence based programs have proven to have positive outcomes for youth such as; reduced anxieties, and depression, academic success, support systems and skills for employment. Characteristically, juvenile delinquency follows a route comparable to that of usual adolescent development. Delinquent behavior is a path followed and not just something that children randomly engage in and therefore, through the understanding of the developmental paths of at-risk youth, researchers believe that early interventions can help to increase positive outcomes (Youth.Gov, 2017). Evidence -Based Practice Functional family therapy (FFT) is an evidence-based practice (EBP) for high-risk youth that concentrates on multifaceted and multidimensional issues through a practice that is validated by research, culturally diverse, and submissively structured (Robbins, 2016). Furthermore, the FFT program’s goal is to increase protective factors while decreasing the risk factors that have a direct impact on youth offenders (CrimeSolutions.Gov, 2011).Show MoreRelatedTraum Trauma And Its Effects On Mental Health1141 Words   |  5 PagesTrauma-informed Care Trauma-informed Care involves identifying youth with trauma by assessments and treating trauma through cognitive behavioral treatment models.8 Juvenile prevention and re-injury programs look to routinely screen for trauma exposure, the programs use culturally appropriate evidence-based assessment and treatment for traumatic stress and associated mental health symptoms; and make resources available to children, families, and providers on trauma exposure, its impact, and treatmentRead MoreYCJA841 Words   |  4 PagesResponsivity Referring to aspects from Goldson and Muncie’s (2006) article on â€Å"a youth justice with integrity† (pp. 99-102), the essay will argue that section 38 of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) should incorporate a risk-needs responsivity model (RNR) to the sentencing structure. Moreover, this addition should replace the 2012 amendments of section 38, which incorporated deterrence and denunciation into sentencing practices (s. 38(2)(f)). This amendment has the potential to increase recidivism ratesRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Social Of African American Juveniles1487 Words   |  6 Pagesprogram to address those disabilities, which is an approach all juvenile detention centers should take (Foster, Williamson, and Buchannon, 2004). Psychological disabilities are very common in detention centers and suicide rates for incarcerated youth are two to four times higher than in the community at large (Abram 2008). Conditions linked with imprisonment, such as solitary confinement, crowding, and separation from friends and family can increase the risk of suicidal behavior (Abram 2008).Read MoreChild Justice Act : Child And Youth Care Centers Or Prisons929 Words   |  4 PagesIn South Africa, there are two avenues for residential youth confinement: child and youth care centers or prisons. The former provides support services for youth with varying needs such as children with substance abuse problems, children living in overcrowded homes and so on. This is as a temporary measure and is only advocated as a measure of last resort. In prisons, a child under the age of 14 is ineligible to serve a prison sentence and can only serve the minimum amount of time as deemed necessaryRead MoreThe Issue Of Juvenile Internment1606 Words   |  7 Pagesoffenders and toward the kids teetering on the edge, the ones for whom violence and arrest, addiction or death, are clearly in the cards, but still-perhaps-avoidable, (Humes 232). How can a child’s right to liberty, her parent’s right to act as guardian and the states interest to prevent crime be balanced with regard to status offenses. Although the original parens patriae stressed individual rehabilitation, primitive psychological knowledge combined with a concern of external scrutiny left mostRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Treatment : Description And Fundamental Principles1452 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior at this stage in their life will not necessarily follow them into adulthood. For this reason, rehabilitation has a particular appeal in reference to dealing with juvenile offenders (Treatment Programs for Juvenile Delinquents, 1999). When determining what kind of treatment is appropriate for juvenile offenders, it is crucial to identify his or her delinquency type. There are four basic types of delinquents: neurotic disturbed, un-socialized psychopathic, subcultural socialized, and inadequateRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is Complex1201 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung offenders, by providing mental health, or addiction rehabs for those that are in need of it rather than locking them up. This not only helps keep the amount of juveniles down but also can be a preventative in recidivism. Some believe that juveniles should be punished by the same laws that apply to the adult offenders while others look to rehabilitation rather than incarceration. Policyholders are now looking at â€Å"evidence-based models that demonstrate in handling the juvenile offenders† (SchmallegerRead MoreHealth Outcomes1611 Words   |  7 Pagesparent’s religious practices (The Heritage Foundation, 2011). Children are born into a complex environment which can have negative and positive effects on their health (Rigby ump; Kohler, 2002). Many services such as the Center for Adolescent Services, the Ounce of Prevention, Care Source and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are available to promote, protect, and address specific child health population problems. Measuring the health of children is important because the youth are citizens thatRead MoreJuvenile Rights1125 Words   |  5 Pagesjuveniles as compared to adult offenders, I will discuss a juveniles rights at the time of arrest, and my opinion on whether or not the additional protections afforded to juveniles serve the purposes of social and criminal justice. Juveniles have rights when they are arrested, however some of them differ then the rights adults have. â€Å"The first encounter a youth has with the juvenile justice system is usually his or her arrest by a law enforcement official. Other ways that youth enter the system includeRead MoreLegal - Discretion in the Legal System Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the role of discretion in the criminal justice system. As a society we believe that offenders should be held accountable for their actions but also treated fairly in the criminal investigation, trial process and sentencing. As a result of this, the power of discretion, that is the ability to choose from a range of options, is granted to some authorities ensure some flexibility for decision making within the system, enabling a more holistic outcome for all parties involved. The issues

Believing God Free Essays

My parents thought me Christian values and Christian ethics and they sent me to a Catholic school during my childhood that’s why I grew up believing that there is really a God. There are always obstacles in life that makes one another question if there is a God out there. I had personal experiences that there is God’s presence. We will write a custom essay sample on Believing God or any similar topic only for you Order Now One question, why do we pray? To whom do we pray? I think this is the best way to see the presence of God. We pray because we believe in God. The Muslims, Buddhist, Christians, etc. may have different Gods but they believe that there is a God. God’s presence for me is when I pray. Every night, before I go to bed, I always pray for the safety and health of my family and friends. When I wake up and knew everybody is okay, I also pray to thank Him for answering my prayer. Every morning, I already feel His presence inside me. Also, when I’m feeling sad and depressed, I always ask His guidance and help to resolve my problems. Blessed, He answered my prayers and most of my problems were resolved. I think we all have different types of relationship with God. Another example about the presence of God is about what my grandmother(who lived with us for 16yrs) told me when she was sick and diagnosed with stage 4 ancer. She told me that every night, every time she sleeps, she always dream of his husband, dead relatives, or sometimes an unknown man calling her. One time, she told me that she dreamed that she was in the sky and an unknown man is calling her to go with her. She told that He was God. Maybe she didn’t go with Him many times because she knew that we are not yet ready to let her go with her Creator. For how many days have passed and we told her that we are ready to accept whatever happens, she Joined with her Creator. With her story, I really felt the presence of God and my faith in Him grew stronger. Another influence is from my parents. We celebrate a lot of Christian events. For example, the Holy Week. Our family do Visita Inglesia during Holy Weeks and we do the Stations of the Cross to know more about the story of God’s son, Jesus. I think this influence also helped me to really believe in There are also times that I feel the absence of God. Every time I fail to achieve something, I always blame God. For example, recently I took the BSA Qualifying Exam. not pass the exam. I was so depressed during those times and thought to myself where is God during those times. After how many days, I still pray to him to help me ith my decisions in life and He answered my prayers. My parents and friends comforted me, help me decide and told me that it is not the only course in college that will make me a successful person. They said that I should work hard and pray hard to resolve my problems. These are the only things(failure) that I feel the absence of God but with these failures, good things happen right away. We can always see the presence of God everywhere. For example, we can see a lot of Holy objects everywhere – rosary, pictures, etc. We can also see a lot of people going to Church to pray and ask petitions to Him. Also, why do people avoid to commit sin? Maybe because they believe in Heaven and Hell. They also know that they lose the presence of God when they commit a sin. As long as we try very, very hard not to commit sin, deliberate mortal sin, God is on our side and we are in His Presence. God continues to love us, no matter what, but He hates the sin. God is everything. For what I understand, God created all the things here on Earth. As a conclusion, to feel His presence, we should always pray for Him, have faith, avoid sins, follow the ten commandments, and we should love all the things He had created. How to cite Believing God, Papers

William Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ to the play as a whole Essay Example Essay Example

William Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ to the play as a whole Essay Example Paper William Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ to the play as a whole Essay Introduction Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare he was, a world renowned play writer and a lot of his plays are still performed today he is best known for writing plays about life. For example Romeo and Juliet was a play written about the love between two people. He has also written comedies which at the time would have been both witty and humorous however today’s audience may find it harder to find such things as are shown in the Tempest for example. We can assume that when Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet he was trying to capture the different human emotions possessed by each individual.The prologue is read to you at the start of the play it is an important part of the play because it outlines the story and what the audience can expect to see, â€Å"A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life;† the way this is read is significant, it helps build up intrigue in the play and therefore keeps the audience engaged in what there watching. It may have told the audience the e nding but the way in which it does is important at the same time as making the audience wonder, it does also leave the audience wondering; ‘what would bring them to do it?†Why did they do it?’ These thoughts are what the prologue is trying to instil in the audience and it does it very effectively using a variety of means. It gives the audience some idea of the time this feud has been going on for, â€Å"From ancient grudge to new mutiny,† this suggests that it has been going on for a long time and the prologue continues to say that the death of these ‘lovers’ will in some way effect this feud.The two houses are carefully put together, by creating such diverse characters on both sides of the two houses they are able to easily be distinguished and there are certainly no two characters the same, by choosing to do this Shakespeare has separated them further. In addition this helps the reader understand the characters and therefore aids them to iden tify with them, which is crucial because it makes any later performance easier to understand, i.e. why a character is behaving in a specific way. It is effective because it relates to the individual the one viewer, which is again what it is trying to do. It is trying to capture the individual watching making it a more personal and meaningful to the audience as a whole the characters continue to reveal themselves to the audience as the story progresses either through their actions or their attitude to the situations which are presented in front of them.Act 1 scene 1 begins with confusion the fight between the two houses is both pointless and extremely relevant, the prologue gives the reader a taster of the play it doesn’t in fact explain why this feud has gone on as long as It has this is what the first act and scene do. Act 1 scene 1 develops characters in the play Benvolio trying to stop the fight â€Å"Put up your swords, you know not what you do.† As a to every peac e keeper there has to be another side the aggressor Tybalt fits this stereotype.In this scene he is especially aggressive as he dismisses any attempt by Benvolio to stop the fight, showing this kind of aggression portrays Tybalt in the eyes of the audience as an aggressive character further helping the audience to understand the character and this is mimicked for other characters for this scene and indeed the play as a whole.Act 1 scene 1 also introduces the two main leaders this helps the audience better understand the characters. These two men Capulet and Montague are therefore the oldest fighters in this feud, the men seem both to be controlled by there wives when Lady Capulet suggests that her husband would be better of with a crutch it shoes the audience that she understands that this feud has lost its meaning. If it was a genuine war in her eyes then she would in theory be willing her husband on, the reasons she may have for not encouraging or backing him up are there is no cl ear reason why these two houses hate each other.A war with no meaning, they have been fighting for so long â€Å"From ancient grudge,† that she views it as a mother would view her child she would calm the rage illogical rage that Capulet has for Montague. The fact that these men are head of the two families shows the audience why this feud is still so intense if the older generation with the most power aren’t making an effort to resolve it therefore the younger generation following there fathers example are going to continue this violence towards each other this is all extremely important as it starts the play off full of questions ready to be answered.There is a very clear definition between the good and the bad characters in Romeo and Juliet. Tybalt gives the impression that he is unnecessarily aggressive towards Romeo, in particular after he is seen at the Capulet party. There next meeting after the part is shown in act 3 scene 1It is arguable that Romeo could be bl amed for Tybalt’s aggressiveness, â€Å"Boy, this shalt not excuse the injuries that thou hast done me.† we know that Tybalt doesn’t know about the marriage, and therefore this entire escapade is because Romeo was seen at the Capulet party. There is one line, which does two very important things, it builds Tybalt’s character and does in fact explain the reason through Tybalt’s eyes, which is a far more effective way of finding out how someone feels about another, â€Å"What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montague’s, and thee.† This is Tybalt’s character, a stereotype of him which doesn’t change throughout, however it does continue to develop, â€Å"Gentlemen,† Tybalt uses this to talk to Mercutio and a group of Montague’s.It is obvious that he isn’t being nice but he is in fact being sarcastic and patronizing. The different relationships between the characters start to create a relationship structure in which you can see the feelings which the characters show, as with Romeo and Juliet the feeling is obviously love and in Act 3 Scene I it is accurately portrayed when Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt as his marriage to Juliet means that much to him that he is willing to go against his own beliefs. However as there is a clear definition between the good characters and the bad Romeo is just sticking to how a true ‘gentleman’ would behave with dignity and honor.The love, which Romeo and Juliet have for each other, is unquestionable one unique thing about there love is that it became so intense so quickly after just splitting up with his girlfriend he nearly instantly forgets her and falls in love all over again.from their first meeting to the dramatic end the bond they have doesn’t diminish even when Juliet hears of Tybalt murder she still welcomes her husband this over casts any doubt that the audience may have had about there love. T he feud doesn’t stop for them, they have to continue their usual life but with this love they both share with each other. Their relationship can be compared to that of Mercutio and Romeo’s again Mercutio is willing to fight for Romeo as he is bound by his marriage to Juliet. This display of so called ‘parenting’ is not shown by Romeo’s father who seems to be more detached from Romeo and doesn’t know much about him.The Capulet boys including Tybalt seem to be more aggressive than the Montague’s from the beginning it is them who start the fight, â€Å"look upon thy death.† As well as starting the fights another example of how someone can behave in a fight is to keep the peace this can be construed from characters such as Benvolio. This man seems to be more level headed than the rest, he isn’t bound down by love for a woman or hatred of a house. He is thinking only of himself and this way of living isn’t admired by th e majority of the men in both houses due to their own way of living and dealing with things being so contrasting to his views.Romeo is similar to Benvolio in Act 3 Scene 1 in his willingness to do the right thing and listen to what he’s been told. He weighs the pros and cons of his decisions when for example he knew that getting involved with Juliet was dangerous to both his life and to the reputation of Juliet, but he knew his feelings for Juliet and he decided that they over ruled the pressure he would get from characters such as Tybalt for example who would obviously be outraged by Romeo even trying to come into his life.Tybalt’s character was created in order to have one dominant aggressor. In the play you have Benvolio the peace maker, Romeo the romantic, Mercutio the true friend and Tybalt the villain. It does in fact have a lot of the characteristics of the stereotypical story.A typical example of how emotions cloud the judgment of characters in the play is when Romeo kills Tybalt after the death of Mercutio. With this in mind, the rest of the Act is largely built upon two wants and no way to make a compromise. The Capulets hate the Montagues however, neither side can give one good reason for this hatred all that we can gather is that anything that either side does annoys the other.Moreover, Tybalt’s hatred seems to be one sided and illogical, he demonstrates this by addressing nearly everybody in a characteristically stereotypical tone of voice i.e. aggressively this is shown obviously more to the Montague’s to threaten them he speaks to them harshly. The reason that Act 3 scene 1 is so significant is because the two other acts don’t have such peculiar things happening. The conversation leading up to the actual fight has many similarities with the first fight in act 1 scene 1 although this time Tybalt’s anger isn’t just directed at Montague’s but at a single being, Romeo.The character Mercutio is cleverly built up in act 3 scene 1 firstly he puts his views across â€Å"Though art like one of these fellows that, when he enters the confines of a tavern, claps me his sword† he shows in this that he can read people and he himself is quite serious and seems to take life seriously this is shows threw him getting quite defensive and resenting what others say about him he is also quick to pick up on people when there being hypocritical again from the previous quotation that was Mercutio’ answer to Benvolio’ willingness to retreat he is saying that Benvolio is a hypocrite and shouldn’t be giving advice id he’s not willing to follow it.Tybalt and Mercutio are very similar they both act aggressively. When Mercutio is killed he feels many things not only does he feel betrayed by Romeo but he also figures he’s got nothing to loose and really brings out what he thinks about the feud going on between these two houses, â€Å"A plague a’both your houses!† he compares them to ‘beasts’ basically he doesn’t warrant the fighting, and he saw what Tybalt was thinking and the significant part of it is the curse he places on both the houses in doing this he is showing that the argument with Tybalt wasn’t just because he was a Capulet but that Mercutio generally had a problem wit Tybalt for his attitude and his view on life which as we know is both shallow and narrow minded. William Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ to the play as a whole Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Grade School Science Fair Project Ideas

Grade School Science Fair Project Ideas Do you need a great idea for a  science fair project? This is a collection of grade school science fair project ideas submitted by readers: Lemons Batteries Can you use a lemon, wire, and a a human to test it on to make a battery using their saliva? If so, how does it work? Results -yes, you can make an electric shock. - Jordan Kasulas mold How long does it take different types of food to grow mold? Why? Do the ingredients affect how fast it grows mold? - Jordan Kasulas Can You Prevent Dust? Dust one half of a dusty table with a damp cloth. Dust the other half of the table using a product meant to remove and help prevent dust. Compare the appearance of the table after time. Do both sides of the table get dusty at the same rate? - PlaysWithMatches Which Diaper brand holds the most water? Get different diaper brands like Pampers,Huggies, Pull-Ups, etc. Fill in about 3 cups of water and which ever leaks the least is the diaper that can hold the most water!! x] - Wait Meh Can you change a chicks colors? Yes you can, if you put dye in the egg after Day 18 the chicks come out all sorts of colors. This one has won school and District science fair as well. - Dylan Do Pigs stink? This project has won my school and District Science fairs. I took two pigs. One I let get as dirty as it wanted rolling in mud and gunk. The other one I kept washed and in a very clean pen. After several weeks I rubbed a rag on both and determined, No they dont have sweat glands..So its the poop and pee that stinks. - Dylan creating bubble I use baking soda, water, and salt. Youre supposed to measure them and see which one can bubble more and wait till 5 seconds and shake it then the bubbles come up. - tania do cooked beans grow! Do cooked beans grow? This project is great, so try it and see if you like it. - Guest tresure Does color affect melting? Take like about 3 different colored ice-cubes (color them with food coloring) and put them in 3 cups of water. Put all 3 cups outside in the heat or inside your house and record your data on which one melts fastest or slowest. - Mika gum What kind of gum will blow the biggest bubble after chewing for 2 minutes? - tash599 Rain or tap. Okay get some rain water and tap water and start to grow some plants and see which has a greater effect on the plant. - Only the one beans Get beans and try them in different liquids and see which bean with liquid grows more roots. - y family EGG Place one cup of water with salt and one cup without salt. Put an egg in each one. Which one sinks, which one rises? - fart man 2 fruits!!!! o my Will fruits and vegetables stay fresh longer if they are in or out of the refrigerator? - lily candles Get your mom or dad to buy one white candle and a red candle (you can buy any color) and see which burns faster. - nikki which type of popcorn pops faster? act2 or pop secret? Its a really fun experiment. Try it! - leia209 soggy potatoes You have two potatoes and one goes in a cup of water and the other one goes in a cup of water with salt. You see which one gets soggier. Its very easy and FUN! - shoppa loppa ding dong POP POP POP You take as many different kinds of popcorn as you like, then see which popcorn pops the most!!!:) - awesome me!!:) my paper towel is better then yours You get 5 different brands of paper towels and see how much water it can hold, once it breaks then thats the end of that one. My friend and I did it twice for all the paper towels because we wanted to make sure. Thank you for reading my project. - keely color changing flowers Get a white flower (best if dry). Put it in a vase without water. Pour water and food coloring. Wait a day or two. It will be a different color. - shadow the hedgehog Battery Toy Take one toy that needs batteries and use Energizer batteries first and the second time use something else like Kodak. Time each use of the toy with each brand of batteries. Try to find out which battery works longer. Problem Statement: Which battery makes the toy work longer? - Julianna102.webs.com Candle You could maybe gather a few candles during cold weather, Place one inside, and one somewhere niether cold nor warm, and see which one burns out faster or which one burns the candle completely faster. - Salem Decaying Teeth Put fake teeth into a Coke can, a Pepsi can and a Mountain Dew can. See which one decays the teeth faster. - becky stop the rot Which preservative keeps apples freshest the longest: salt, water, air? Air is the perservative that keeps the apple fresh the longest. - cheermonkey Can oil control the evaporation of water I did this 4-7th grade. It is so easy. All you do is take 4 containers of water and put 10 drops of oil in the first one, 6 in the second one, 4 in the third one and 0 in the fourth one and record how much evaporation occurs in each container over 5 days. - you only wish you knew grass grows well Take one type of grass. Put 5 of those seeds in one pot. Do the same thing to other pot. Put one pot in an extremely bright window. Put the other pot in front of a cold window sill. Check your results every 2 days. Record the results. - farting is awesome sensitivity smell Do people have the same sensitivity to smell? Place people at one end of a room. Have another person open a scent, such as lemon oil or vinegar. Have your test subjects write down what they smell and what time they smelled it. Is the time the same for different scents? Does it matter whether the test subject was male or female? - jamie DOOOGGGG Can you teach an old dog a new trick - result...do it and find out! - I AM KELSEY!!!!! Marigolds of Juice Soda Milk and Water Get a small package of marigold seeds and put them in the same size pots and same amount of soil and same amount of sun. Now enter 1 cup of water in the first marigold pot, label it A.Then put 1 cup of soda in plant B.After that put 1 cup of milk in plant C.Finally put 1 cup of juice in plant D.Record your data of your conclusions...then repeat the project several more times until you find which plant (A,B,C,and D) has grown the largest and healthiest. - Ann grow Grow GROW Which grass seed grows the fastest (Please put this science fair project into your own words. Thanks) - Mary EFFECT ON BALLONS Get sugar and a balloon. Take the balloon and rub it on the wall, then take a plate and put sugar on it. Rub the balloon 10 times on the wall, then lay it on the sugar and see if the sugar is going to stick to the balloon. - TAYLOR DELAHOUSSAYE Water does tap water freeze faster than salt water-yes tap water does cause salt water takes longer to freeze cause it has salt i it. - Karma hoops does the placement of the hoops affect the distance a hoop glider will travel - shadow6452103 simple project which type of object is heavier? Use three different types of object and drop them. See which drops faster - trewimage gum galore buy 3 packs of mint gum have 3 people chew the gum for 5 min then take their temperature to see if the mint changes the temperature of their mouth - #$%!^ * H or C? Soda Carbonation You have to open 2 sodas and put one in the freezer and put one outside and then u c which is fizziest - fluffybunnyishappy SOCKS !!!!!!! After what kind of workout what kinds of socks give blisters. I did this and got 1rst place in the international science fair plus its simple and easy. - jmdofns Does temperature affect freezing levels? Yes, because the ice water would have a lower freezing point than hot water! - Guest stress Which age is stressed out the most? Get a teen and a grownup and interview them both. Then find out which one gets stressed more! - hi :) popcorn This science experiment is fun, edible and easy. You just take several kinds of popcorn and see what popcorn pops the most kernels. - coutney Do cooked beans grow? Do cooked beans grow? No, they dont because they are boiled and the cells are dead. - trevor Seashells A collection and classification of seashells with a report. - ***Sam*** Who listens in class the boys or girls? Well you first see who studies in class. For example if one of girls pays attention in class you put down a point and the same goes for the boys. After you have your data then you can see if the boys or girls pay more attention! - Blanca Quiroz Marin Egg In A Bottle This is fun and very easy. :) You will need a milk bottle,a hard-boiled egg, a piece of paper, and matches. Light a peice of paper with a match and drop the paper in the bottle.put the egg quickly on the top of the bottle. Then plop! The egg falls inside. If you want to get the egg out rinse inside the bottle. Put the bottle upside down and blow into it hard. Move your face after. Have fun!!!! ;) - Someone what type of chocolate melts faster What type of chocolate melts faster? This is simply fun for only 2 reasons: 1 you get to eat the chocolate sauce and 2 because it will get you a a(hons). This is so fun and yum seriously try it youll get the bast results ever... - tayla pop go the kernels! Which brand of popcorn pops and leaves the fewest amount of not popped kernels: popsecret, act 2,or orville redanbacher? - cutie pie fried egg You put an egg on the sidewalk and see if it fries!!! - sarah Magnetic Fields How big is the magnetic field for a refrigerator magnet? - Sahil Mehta Different types of Bridges Find different types of bridges on google then build a popsicle bridge - Kylie My idea Get different brands of napkins and soak them with 20 drips then see which one soaks more and which one didnt. - WOW! yeast try this and see in what temp does yeast work best 1:make bread dough with yeast. 2: put an equal amount of dough in same size bowls. 3: put them in different temp. 4:measure them every 30 min. - sammy THE SWING OF THINGS WHICH KIND OF BAT WILL HIT THE BALL FARTHEST ALUMINUM OR WOOD? - OHIO STATE human behavior How does lack of sleep affect human behavior? - jadeeeee What protects an egg the most? Get different things to make a nest or holder type thing and drop it from a high distance. See what protects it and what doesnt :) - PaTiEnCe_NiCoLe Ants lay out food in front of an athill and see which food ants like more. - 1234 Liquids and plants Water 3 of the same plant with 3 different liquids (you choose the liquids) which one grows better (use water :) - sciencenerd222 ice cubes my friend and i tested which drink (apple juice, water, sprite and gatorade) would melt an ice cube the fastest. My friend and i made it to the regional science fair and we got 2nd. Its pretty simple but remember to keep a log book.! - DOGFREAK :) How To Take Care Of A Egg Help The Egg As If You Were A Mother Or Father. After 3 Weeks You Take The Egg With You Every Where You Go. Start To Ask Test The Reactions Of A Male Holding An Egg Or The Female. Then Make A Chart On How People Act. Then Finally Make A Hypothesis Before This Process To See If Youre Right - Reinaldo I SCREAM FOR ICE CREAM !!! Ok well If your reading this your looking for a science Project well this is a GREAT one to do its Fun and Yummy :) This is what you do 1. u buy 5 different Types of icecream And test what one Melts the fastest You can see if The chocolate Chunks or the cookie dough Change the Affect 2. Write the Test Things Down after a hour or 2 and take pics that helps them now what your atlking about... lol. 3. thats about it ohh ya then you eat it :) This is real fun to do with a Partner !!!! I hope this helped :) - Micaela my idea Can you use pumice as flooring in flooded areas, doghouses? - jordan kasulas glow water take tonic water and a black light and you have a cool glow drink - kitty 8th grade project idea me and my friend are doing our science fair project on if the music you listen to before you go to bed affects your dreams! (: - Sami Gum Flavor I am going to do a gum flavor project! I AM Gonna C Which 1 Has LONG LASTING FLAVOR! - Caitlyn bread molding easy fun a every time first get a bunch of different types of bread wheat, white, rye, whatever put each in plastic bag watch - katie Light things on fire Light different things on fire and see which one takes the most damage. EXAMPLE MATERIALS: Trees, houses, people, plants, animals, food, soda - Ami txt plus drive do three different things in this: txt plus drive,speaker phone drive, and regular phone drive - joshua Which fabric burns the fastest! pick five or whatever different types of fabrics and burn them to see wich one burns faster by recording the type of each fabric and be careful have a parent when you do this with you! - mari plants get four plants put one in total darkness one in alot of sunshine and one with alot of water and one with no water - itz hayley water time!!! me and my friend had to do a clock using water it was very simple all you need is a friend water and paper cups - bubbles Fish Food Put dead shrimp into a container and alive shrimp in the other and see which shrimp the fish luvs better - Grace What is heavier water or blood? First put some water in a cup and some blood in a cup,then pour the blood in the cup with the water and see if the blood will sink or float. If the blood sinks that means that water is heaver than blood and if the blood floats that means that blood is heaver than water. - Ryian Special Gum Get any kind of gum get at least 2-4 packs of gum and let as much people as you want and take their temperature before they eat the gum wait for a minute then take their temperature and see if its HOT COLD OR NORMAL - Patrice1113 cuckoo Do cuckoo clocks sound different if they are the different sizes? - Jasmine 6th grade project idea i did a project on the skeletal system and why do animals need bones ? but if you like animals like me and your an animal freak you should try it and i actually got 1st place in this project ! - Brianna . T Freeze It! Take four Philadelphia Cream Cheese containers (and make sure theyre empty) and fill them up each with orange juice, apple cider, water, and olive oil. See which one freezes fastest. Check every fifteen minutes and change the temperature once you found out how fast it took for them to freeze. - Sailormoonfan Plop, Plop, Fizz Fast See what temperature an Alka - Seltzer fizzes longest. Go to science buddies for more info. - no name Mentos First make chalk lines on a wall to measure how high the soda goes and put the same type of mentos in both one soda diet coke and the other reg. coke which goes higher? - Science fair got an A boats does the kind of paper a boat is made from affect its length of floating - me What structure will hold a tower better? It can be straws, toothpicks or even wood rods. And the tower can be made of clay or paper or even cardboard too. - Nayeli Does your smell affect your taste? Have someone plug there nose and eat something. Can they taste it? - The Beast May the strongest win! see which elmers glue is the strongest. i won 3rd place last year doing this one. - Kaitlynn Wilson Bubbles! The effect of temperature on how long soap bubbles last. - Mackenz Water with stain Tee shirts, marker, water: See if cool water or warm water stains best. - Shakivikiou Laundry Detergent Is laundry detergent as effective if you use less than the recommended amount? More? - Nicole Makeup Qualities Take a nice brand of makeup (it can be mascara, eye shadow or blush) then get the same kind of makeup at a drugstore (basically any store that sells makeup!) and try out both of the makeups on your mom, your guardian, sister(s), or your self! and then see which make up is a better quality!! [this science project is a good excuse to get new makeup: )] - ~No Name Listed~ sinking and floating use sodas and diet sodas and see which one floats or sinks trust me it is awsome i am a 6 grader trust me ppl out their looking for project ideas that are middle schoolers peace out my science buddies bye bye xoxoxo - vere Lemon or Lime You can see whether a lemon or lime can turn on a light. You can Attach some wires (thin wires) and cut the lemon or lime together to see whether the lime or lemon turns on the light - flowers Get Science Fair Project Help

Two Bad Prefixes

Two Bad Prefixes Two Bad Prefixes Two Bad Prefixes By Maeve Maddox The English prefix caco- comes from a Latinized form of Greek kakos, â€Å"bad, evil.† The English prefix mal- derives from Latin malus, â€Å"bad, evil.† A familiar â€Å"caco† word in English is cacophony, which combines â€Å"bad† with phone, â€Å"sound.† One meaning of cacophony is â€Å"the use of harsh sounding words or phrases.† For example: â€Å"There are sounds in Gaelic which, though not guttural, are cacophony itself to English ears.† In the context of speech, the opposite of cacophony is euphony. Literally â€Å"good sound,† euphony is the quality of having a pleasant sound. Cacophony can also refer to a discordant combination of sounds produced in a musical context: â€Å"The song explodes into a grating cacophony of grimy analog synths.† Apart from speech and music, cacophony is used to refer to any unpleasant combination of noises or to a confused variety of anything. For example: [During the Nazi occupation of Paris] the cacophony of daily urban engagement - passersby, hawkers, street minstrels and performers, construction work, and especially traffic noise - was severely diminished. This [daily market] was a proper, brick, glass and wrought-iron hangar which stacked up the genuine southern France in a red-blooded cacophony of sensual abundance. Note: When the context relates to sound, the word cacophony is sufficient. Modifying the word with â€Å"of sound† in the following headline is unnecessary because the context clearly relates to musical sound: â€Å"Justin Timberlake’s New Song ‘Suit Tie’ is a Cacophony of Sound.† The main use of the prefix caco- in English is in the area of medical terminology. It’s combined with other Greek or Latin elements to create words to describe the bad state of bodily organs, for example: cacoglossia: putrid state of the tongue (glossia=tongue) cacophthalmia: malignant inflammation of the eyes (ophthalmos=eye) English words that begin with the other bad prefix- mal- (â€Å"bad, badly†)- are numerous. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, most Modern English words with this prefix are 19th century coinages. Here are just a few: maladroit: clumsy, the opposite of adroit. malapropism: the ludicrous misuse of words, especially in mistaking a word for another resembling it. The word is an eponym, derived from a character in a play. The character’s name, â€Å"Mrs. Malaprop,† is a combination of mal+appropriate. One of her lines is, â€Å"Illiterate him, I say, quite from your memory.† She’s reaching for the word obliterate. malaria: a disease spread by mosquitoes. The name originates from a belief that diseases were caused by bad air. Malaria is an Italian borrowing: mal+aria (air). malediction: a curse. Latin mal+dicere (to speak). maleficent: given to evildoing. Maleficent is the name of an evil Disney character. In the 1959 film Sleeping Beauty, Maleficent is unambiguously evil. I expect that in the new film, she’s just misunderstood. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Flier vs. FlyerList of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Spiritual Movement of Tantra Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Movement of Tantra - Research Paper Example Even in modern day religions, or in religions that have been altered by New Age adaptations, like Tibetan Buddhism and branches of Hinduism, elements of Tantra are widely implemented and very evident. Since Tantra does not focus on cosmology and deities, it is easily combined with other religious and spiritual practices. Given its widespread use, especially in the Western world, Tantra has more than one definition, and many of them clash with one another. Western scholars define Tantra as a form of western scholarship, and not in any relation to a religious system. They place little to no significance on its origination in Asia, nor on its connection with other spiritual practices. Those who actually practice Tantra openly reject this definition, insisting that Tantra is merely the teachings and practices found in the scriptures known as tantras. Furthermore, practitioners of Tantra believe that Tantra cannot be defined as a whole, as the Western world has tried to do, but based on each individual tantra scripture. As such, Tantra is not just a philosophy, which is the belief of many Westerns, but also a spiritual way of life. The tantra scriptures are the most vital parts of the Tantra path. A tantra is considered a tantra when it â€Å"elaborates copious and profound matters, especially relating t o the principles of reality and sacred matters, and because it provides salvation† (Jain 37). Tantras refer not only to the designated scriptures that started the movement, but scriptures, practices, and rituals that were created subsequent to the origination of Tantra. Further tantras were created when practitioners had perused the primary Tantric scriptures, which are known as the agama. The agama is made up of four parts: descriptions of metaphysical knowledge (jnana), contemplative procedures (yoga), ritual regulations (kriya), and religious and ethical commands (charya). When new tantras are designed, if they are able to be placed within one of these four categories, they are usually accepted by other practitioners. These many scriptures are, in essence, the guidebook of being Tantric. The purpose of Tantra and of following these scriptures is to reach a higher level of existence, one that can be obtained by individuals other than ordained monks, which is the appeal of Ta ntra. Ordinary people are not exempt from achieving the highest and greatest level of existence. Tantra’s belief system focuses on reality as a whole, coupled with a single Divine Consciousness, a consciousness that individuals have, yet share with others. Moreover, as Tantra erased the line between the spiritual and the mundane, practitioners are able to experience spiritual realization in every aspect of their day-to-day lives. Tantra allows laymen to have access to the Divine Consciousness and the liberation and salvation that comes with adhering to the tantra scriptures in a normal, nonspiritual setting. The overall spiritual goal of Tantra is to â€Å"bring about an inner realization of the truth that ‘Nothing exists that is not Divine’† (Guenther & Trungpa 41). Buddhist Tantra explains it best, claiming that we are all in union with universal energy; we have everything that we need to be complete within us right now, but we just need to learn how to recognize it. This is where Tantra comes in. Every individual has the ability to be Divine, as this is their true nature, albeit untapped. It is through Tantra that individuals can reach this state of divine existence. Tantra brings liberation ignorance and from suffering, which is a common goal in Eastern-based religions, with an emphasis on the individual being the one that holds their own

Business Law questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Law questions - Essay Example Thirdly, it must examine whether the agency went outside its authority. Fourthly, it must examine whether the agency followed the required procedures in making the decision. Fifthly, it must determine whether the decision is so clearly wrong that it disserves to be abandoned. It is uncertain arguing that the agency always wins or loses because the final decision of the U.S District Court is determined by the validity of the dispute and the degree of correctness or wrongness that the agency’s decision was. In 2 (a) there are three procedures that are available for FDA in making new rules. First, it has to provide a Notice for Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) which is a proposal published in the Federal Register for members of public to review and comment on it. Secondly, it is should consider the comments received on the rule during the comment period. Thirdly, it should comply with the â€Å"Effective Date† Rule that determines when the proposed rule will become effective. In 2 (b), a business engaged in importing food could participate in these procedures through reviewing the proposed rule and criticizing it, taking note of the final rule and complying with the â€Å"Effective Date† rule. In 3 (a), there are three laws that affect the records of an administrative agency. First, the Freedom of Information Act renders agency records subject to disclosure and outlines the various procedures that ought to be followed. Secondly, the Administrative Procedure Act dictates the ways through which each agency should avail public information. Thirdly, the Public Records Act specifies that personal information maintained about an individual shall not be disclosed without the person’s consent except for various explicit exceptions (Browne, 6). In 3 (b), the Freedom of Information Act would help my business to obtain information about the activities of my competitors. On the other hand, the Administrative

Gender Relationships in Shakespeares Plays

Gender Relationships in Shakespeares Plays The subject of gender relationships within the work of Shakespeare became a matter of lively debate during the last quarter of the twentieth century and continues to be an area that attracts much scholarship and controversy. Perceptions that early modern society was antithetical to any exercise of power by women must be counterbalanced by the knowledge that, until 1603, a woman, Queen Elizabeth, held the ultimate power in England. Recent research has increasingly revealed that across this society a significant number of women held economic and social power and so the idea that Shakespeare reflects a society in which women area powerless and oppressed group is one which must be treated with somecaution. Shakespeares work presents a wide variety of female characters and the ways in which they have been perceived has altered over the four hundred years since the plays and poems were written. Play scripts areparticularly susceptible to re-interpretation and in many ways such interpretations reflect as much about their own historical period asabout the one in which the plays were originally written. Each age finds its own relationship with Shakespeare and so it could be arguedthat the question of whether Shakespeares women are regarded as strongor weak is inevitably influenced as much by the gender issues of the present time as by the time in which they were originally created. It is important not to assume that we can read Shakespeares women characters as examples of how women were treated in the period in which the work was written (Barker Kamps, 1995, 5), but rather to use the information that we have about the early modern period in order to see the characterisation of fictional ch aracters as they relate to the constraints which operated on real women of the period.It is also necessary to be aware that, with any dramatic texts, the interventions of actors, directors and current audience expectationscan radically alter the ways in which fictional characters are judged. It is the intention of this dissertation to give a brief introduction to the conventional views of women during the early modern period. Some scholars, such as Lisa Jardine (1989), Jean E. Howard (1988) and Juliet Dusinberre (1996), have argued that the way in which Shakespeare created women characters was in part determined by the fact that they were represented by boy players on the stage. However, it is hoped that by including a discussion of the narrative poem, The Rape of Lucrece, which was not intended for stage production, this dissertation will emphasise a continuity among Shakespeares female characters that goes beyond the necessities of the stage. The discussion will also focus on three of Shakespeares great tragedies, written during at the peak of his career, when his work had become popular amongst a large audience. The popularity of Hamlet, King Lear and Macbeth has enduredover four centuries and these plays continue to reach wide audiencesand have a significant influenc e on current views of Shakespeares women. In early modern England, notions about female gender roles tended to be constructed by two forms of discourse: the theological and themedical. Theological sermons and pamphlets emphasised the biblicalinjunctions that women should be silent and obedient and that they were subject to the authority of their husbands. Callaghan (1989, 9) arguesthat Renaissance society was profoundly hierarchical and that the chain of authority extended from God, via the monarch, to men and women who were expected to conduct their household relationships inconformity with the idea that women were subject the authority of their fathers and husbands. Belsey (1985, 9) emphasises that men and women are not symmetrically defined. Man, the centre and hero of liberal humanism, was produced in contradistinction to the objects of his knowledge, and in terms of the relations of power in the economy and the state. Woman was produced in contradistinction to man,and in terms of the relations of power in the family. These relationships were worked out in the public and private spheres in the requirement that, in terms of the economy and the state,women should be voiceless, and within the family they should be subjec tto their husbands, fathers and other male relatives. Thus, Newman (1991, 134) argues: Talk in women then is dangerous because it is perceived as ausurpation of multiple forms of authority, a threat to order and malesovereignty, to masculine control of commodity exchange, to a desiredhegemonic male sexuality. The extent of this perceived threat may begauged by the strict delegation of the talking woman to the carefullydefined and delimited spheres of private and domestic life in which thehusband was exhorted to rule. In early modern medical texts, the classical theories of Galen andAristotle, in which the female was regarded as in imperfect version of the male, predominated. Aughterson, (1995, 42) argues that the Galenictheories of the humours †¦ effectively continued to assign woman aninferior physiological state to that of man. Howard (2003, 419)observes that men and women were not assumed to be innately different,but rather were viewed as more perfect and less perfect versions of thesame prototype. From these constructions of physiological theory camethe idea that male and female were so intimately related that they werepotentially capable of transmutation: Stories exist from the early modern period recording cases in which,when women supposedly became overheated in running or jumping, malegenitalia would erupt from inside their bodies. (Howard, 2003, 419). That Shakespeare was aware of these ideas and utilised them in hischaracterisations of men and women is demonstrated when Hamlet isconcerned about his feminisation (Rose, 1995, 116), and when LadyMacbeth refutes her femininity: Come, you Spirits / That tend onmortal thoughts, unsex me here (Macbeth I.v.40-41). The term weaker vessel originates from the Bible and can beeffectively seen to straddle both theological and the physiologicaltheories about the relationships between women and men, as isillustrated from the following extract from a homily, dated 1562,designed to be the required reading at marriage ceremonies: St Peter giveth his precept saying: you husbands deal with yourwives according to knowledge, giving honour to the wife as unto theweaker vessel, and as unto them that are heirs also of the grace oflife, that your prayers be not hindered [1 Peter 3). †¦ For the womanis a weak creature, not endued with like strength and constancy ofmind, therefore they be the sooner disquieted, and they be the moreprone to all weak affections and dispositions of the mind, more thanmen be, and lighter they be, and more vain in their fancies andopinions. (An Homily of the State of Matrimony, 1562, from Aughterson, 1995, 23.) This essentially conservative and restrictive view of women was held,in spite of, or perhaps because of the upheaval and unrest of Englandat that time. Early modern England was a society in transition and thedisquiet that came with modernisation often led to reactive measuresdesigned to uphold the status quo. The sumptuary laws, in which modesof dress were prescribed in order to maintain class differences, can beread as an attempt to rein back an increasing level of socialmobility. Similarly, the discourse of gender difference has beeninterpreted as an essentially conservative reaction to social change: Time and again in these plays, we see crucial social problemspresented in relation to a central conflict involving genderopposition. Furthermore, since that opposition entails a fundamentalhierarchy (male superiority and female subordination), its function, interms of the dominant ideology is to reinforce the status quo. Yetthis function is problematic. Female inferiority was not an undebatedcultural given. It was fiercely contested†¦Callaghan (1989, p.11): Recent research supports this argument. The discourse of malesuperiority and female subordination must be seen in a historicalcontext in which a significant number of women had influence in thewider society. There were many wealthy women who wielded greateconomic power; some women participated in the workplace through guildmembership; a significant number of households were headed by women;and a number of women in various part of the country also participatedin parliamentary elections (Rackin, 19-20). It is necessary,therefore, to balance this kind of historical evidence against therhetorical evidence that we find in contemporary texts. The attempt toprescribe and define female roles and responsibilities reflects ananxious reaction to social change, an attempt to arrest progress andestablish a conservative status quo. These anxieties and the contestedground concerning the acceptable role of women in early modern societyinevitably affects the presentation of women in the plays and poe try ofthe period. In reading Shakespeares texts, it is possible to discoveraspects of the discourse of patriarchal authority as well as evidenceof womens power as agents in their own destinies. Whilst the notionof woman as the weaker vessel often informs the construction ofcharacter in Shakespeares work, I intend to argue that a closeexamination reveals that, in spite of the social restraints placed uponthem, these women often reveal a strength that goes beyond anythingthat may be expected. 2 The Rape of Lucrece Shakespeares narrative poem, The Rape of Lucrece, is based onclassical sources in Livy and Ovid and so there are some necessaryconstraints upon the actual plot of the poem. For example, Lucrecessuicide derives from the source materials and, in the context of LivysThe History of Rome from Its Foundation, this event is instrumental inending the reign of kings and instituting the Roman Republic. It isnecessary, therefore, to understand that the classical story primarilyexemplifies the abuse of tyrannical rulers and has a deeply politicalsignificance. While St Augustine later argued that the suicide ofLucrece was, from a Christian theological standpoint, culpable,nonetheless in the classical world Lucreces death was celebrated asboth tragic and heroic (Hendricks, 2000). We must, therefore,distinguish between the story that Shakespeare inherited and what hehas done with it as a narrative: to discuss Lucreces suicide as thoughit were an optional plot device is to misunderstand the nature o f thesource material. It is a given that Lucrece will commit suicide, butthe way in which Shakespeare has constructed the narrative and the waythat he has characterised the participants in this story carries aweight of significance. The poem concentrates not so much on theexternal events of the story, but on the internal experience of thecharacters or, as Maus (1986, 67) comments, the poem concentrates notupon action but upon what happens in the interstices between theâ€Å"important† moments when two people [make] important decisions. There are two significant tropes within this poem that are crucial tothe portrayal of Lucreces character and are pertinent to the questionof her strength. One of these tropes has been discussed by CoppeliaKahn (1995, 42) where she argues that Shakespeare clearly blames menfor exercising several kinds of unfair advantages over women and thathe leans heavily on the traditional conception of womans physical,moral and intellectual inferiority to ma n. She is referring to thepassage in which men are compared with marble and women with wax: For men have marble, women waxen minds, And therefore are they formed as marble will. The weak oppressed, thimpression of strange kinds Is formed in them by force, by fraud, or skill. Then call them not the authors of their ill, No more than wax shall be accounted evil Wherein is stamped the semblance of a devil. (1240-1246) Kahn (1995, 23) argues that Lucrece is the victim of a patriarchalsystem and that Shakespeare uses the patriarchy of the classical worldto mirror his contemporary society. The trope of the marble and thewax therefore emphasises the pliability of women and their inability tohave any control over their destiny in a patriarchal society that soseverely restricts their power to act, or even to take moralresponsibility for themselves. In Kahns reading, Lucrece does,indeed, seem to have taken a waxlike impression of societys valueswith respect to her status as her husbands possession and the way inwhich she sees herself as a de-valued object when she is tainted orstained by rape. However, the poem also proposes an alternativetrope that seems crucial to an understanding of the nature of women.At the pivotal moment when Tarquin has entered Lucreces bedroom anddisclosed his intention to rape her, Shakespeare introduces a picturethat may call into question the comparable strengths of men and wo men:that of the marble and the water. Until this moment, the poem is constructed to show the readerTarquins point of view. One stanza particularly creates a directidentification between the reader and Tarquin: So that in ventring ill we leave to be The things we are for that which we expect; And this ambitious foul infirmity, In having much, torments us with defect Of that we have: so we do neglect The thing we have; and all, for want of wit, Make something nothing by augmenting it. (148-154) By using we †¦ we †¦ we †¦ us †¦ we †¦we †¦ we, Shakespeare removes thespace between Tarquin and the reader, implicating the reader in thekind of rash risk-taking action where Tarquin is shown pawning hishonour to obtain his lust (156). Similarly, in Tarquins inner debateregarding whether he should carry out his intention to rape Lucrece(181-301) and in his reaction when he sees her asleep (365-441), thereader has full access to his thoughts and emotions, while Lucrece ispresented as an object whose external attributes are described inextensive detail yet to whose inner experience there is no access.The blazon description of Lucrece as she sleeps does indeed bear outNancy Vickerss (1985, 96) assertion that the canonical legacy ofdescription in praise of beauty is, after all, a legacy shapedpredominantly by male imagination for the male imagination; it is, inlarge part, the product of men talking to men about women. The firstthird of the poem does, indeed , present Lucrece as a silent presence, athing talked about, but apparently without a voice of her own. Yet the crucial turning point of the poem occurs when she is awoken byTarquin. This act of awakening coincides with the sudden access thatis given to the reader to Lucreces inner experience and her voice inthe poem. Until this point, the poem attributes some reported speechto her, but the first time when her words are recorded as direct speechoccurs in the stanza which begins Quoth she†¦ (575). From this pointonward, the narrative becomes intensely concerned with Lucreces innerexperience, in her perception of the harm done to herself and herhusband as well as in her decision to commit suicide. Hercontemplation of a painting of the siege of Troy similarly enables thereader to identify with her as a person who is imaginatively engagedwith a work of art and as a person who is able to argue about moral andphilosophical issues in her own mind. It is at this point of apparent trans formation in the readersperception of Lucrece when Shakespeare introduces his second tropewhich, I believe, is crucial to the portrayal of Lucrece, when thepoems narrator comments: Tears harden lust, though marble wear withraining (560). Although this is ostensibly a comment on Lucrecesinability to deflect Tarquin from his course by her tears and pleas, itsimultaneously proposes that even the hardness and permanence of marblecan be worn down by something as seemingly soft as water. The Galenichumoural system opposed the wet, female humour with the dry, malehumour and so this picture of water that eventually erodes marble canbe seen not just as an inversion of the hard = strong / soft = weakequation, but also as a specific reference to the wet and dry humoursof men and women. When viewed in the long term, water is stronger thanmarble and this image is re-iterated, when Lucrece herself takes up theimage: For stones dissolved to water do convert (592). AlthoughLucreces pleas for mercy are ineffective in this moment, her wordsnevertheless alert the reader to the relative strengths of stone andwater in the longer term and later her realisation that Time can wastehuge stones with little water drops (959) leads her to curse Tarquin: Disturb his hours of rest with restless trances; Afflict him in his bed with bedrid groans; Let there bechance him pitiful mischances To make him moan, but pity not his moans. Stone him with hardned hearts harder than stones, And let mild women to him lose their mildness, Wilder to him than tigers in their wildness. (967-973) . Atthis point, then, Lucreces line of thought has linked the image ofhearts harder than stones with the reversal of mild women who are nolonger helpless prey, but instead predatory tigers. In the early partof the poem, Lucrece is persistently depicted as a passive victim andthis is emphasised by twin images of predator and prey, such as thenight owl and the dove (360), a serpent and a sleeping woman (362-3), afalcon and a fowl (506-7), a cockatrice and a hind (540-3), a cat and amouse (554-5), a wolf and a lamb (679). Although Lucrece is physicallyunable to protect herself from Tarquin, after he leaves, this imageryis no longer used and Lucrece gains an active voice and a moralpresence that eventually lead her to the act of suicide. Henricks(2000, 115), comments that Shakespeare gives Lucrece a psychologicalcomplexity, interiority and self-awareness. The presentation of Lucreces moral complexity seems to be at oddswith the men in the narrative. Her husband is depicted as a man who isat fault from his initial boasting of his wife as a materialpossession, thereby exposing her to thieves (29-35), and he is laterdescribed as the hopeless merchant of this loss (1659). His finalignominy is the ridiculous squabble with Lucretius over ownership: The one doth call her his, the other his; Yet neither may possess the claim they lay. The father says, Shes mine. O mine she is, Replies her husband: do not take away My sorrows interest; let no mourner say He weeps for her, for she was only mine, And only must be wailed by Collatine. (1793-1799) Brutus takes the knife from Lucreces side and burying in Lucrecewound his follys show (1810), he begins to admonish Collatine andLucretius. In this way, her death is presented as having a redemptivesignificance, not only for Brutus, but also for Rome itself. Although,within the Christian theological tradition, suicide is condemned,nonetheless Shakespeare deliberately chose as his theme a story inwhich a suicide has a positive political effect and is placed within aheroic tradition. The Rape of Lucrece depicts a woman in her most vulnerable moment whois unable to resist her enemy. Yet it could be argued that she trulyfinds a way of fulfilling her assertion that I am the mistress of myfate (1069). Lucrece, though she is entirely situated within apatriarchal discourse that constructs her as her husbands possession,is neither silent nor weak. Finally, like water on marble, she has asubtle strength. 3. Hamlet In the play, Hamlet, Shakespeare presents the audience with two femalecharacters who are quite unlike Lucrece. It has been noted thatLucrece undergoes a transition from her initial silence and is given avoice and an interior life that dominates more than half of the poem.Yet Gertrude and Ophelia, in contrast, are chiefly characterised byhaving very little to say. Showalter (1985, 78) says of Ophelia: She appears in only five of the plays twenty scenes; the pre-playcourse of her love story with Hamlet is known only by a few ambiguousflashbacks. Her tragedy is subordinated in the play; unlike Hamlet,she does not struggle with moral choices or alternatives. Lisa Jardine (1995, 316) makes a similar point about Gertrude, thatshe speaks fewer lines than any other major character in the play.It is therefore incumbent upon the audience or reader to fill in thegaps for these characters, who say so little for themselves. It may beargued that both Gertrude and Ophelia are presented as conforming to anearly modern stereotype of correct feminine behaviour and that theirpresence within a patriarchal society has had the effect of deprivingthem of the opportunity for either action or speech. It seems that Ophelia is the character who most epitomises theposition of a woman who is controlled by the patriarchal structuresaround her. She is presented as a woman of virtue who is obedient toher father and brother. Her reticence in the first scene in which shespeaks is effectively demonstrated by an extreme economy of words.When Laertes departs for France, her speeches are limited to halflines, single lines and pairs of lines as she receives instructionsf rom Polonius and Laertes regarding her behaviour. Although PhyllisRackin (2000, 22) has recently questioned the scholarly consensus thatrespectable women were expected to stay at home, that they wereeconomically dependent on fathers and husbands, and that they weresubjected to constant surveillance by jealous men, obsessively anxiousabout their sexual fidelity, it is nonetheless true that both fatherand brother are preoccupied by the risk of Ophelia losing her virginityand thus ruining herself and bringing dishonour to her male relatives.Ophelia has only one speech of longer than two lines in which toexpress her reaction to these instructions, but her initial obedienceturns into a comment upon male hypocrisy: I shall theffect of this good lesson keep As watchman to my heart. But good my brother, Do not as some ungracious pastors do, Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven, Whiles like a puffd and reckless libertine Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads, And recks not his own rede. (I.iii.45-51) Poloniuss subsequent conversation with Ophelia confirms this view,but he is plain about her responsibilities to him and unapologeticabout the double standards that operate in this society. He begins byreferring to the need for Ophelia to protect her own honour (I.iii.97),but he then moves on to his real concern: Tender yourself more dearly/ Or †¦ youll tender me a fool (I.iii107-109). Shortly afterwards hestates: For the Lord Hamlet, Believe so much in him that he is young, And with a larger tether may he walk Than may be given you. (I.iii.122-126) Ophelia has the last line in this scene and it is at least outwardly- an expression of compliance: I shall obey, my lord (I.iii.136).However, her conversation with Polonius makes it clear that she hasbeen conducting a relationship with Hamlet for which she had not soughther fathers prior permission. This is perhaps an example of thecomplexities of courtship and marriage that existed in early modernEngland. On one hand, there is evidence that arranged marriage wasprobably still the norm in practice, even though marrying for lovebecomes the ideal on stage (Belsey, 2002, 129); but on the other handthere is also evidence that a more uncertain situation existed wherepreliminary decisions were made by the young people; the parents wereusually brought into the discussion only later'(Amussen, 1999, 94) .Ophelias behaviour suggests that the latter was a more accuratedescription of her situation. Ophelias ability to express herself continues to be severelyrestricted throughout the scene in w hich she is confronted by Hamlet(III.i) and in the Mouse Trap scene (III.ii). However, she doeseventually find a voice, and it is through her madness that she isfinally able to confront the ultimate embodiment of male authority: theking. Ophelias use of folk songs as a way of expressing a sexualisedsensibility is in stark contrast to the verbal control of her earlierscenes, yet the meaning of her words carries the same message, asHattaway (2002, 114) comments: what is significant is its exposure ofthe double standard: a man gains honour among his own sex by virtue ofsexual conquests, while by the same activity a woman loses hers. Thiscontradiction can be seen as central to the character of Ophelia and itultimately destroys her. Showalter (1985, 91) comments that somefeminists have regarded Ophelias madness as a form of protest andrebellion. For many feminist theorists, she states, the madwomanis a heroine, a powerful figure who rebels against the family and thesocial order. It is al so possible, however, to argue that Opheliascryptic comments on her plight are contained by her madness and thatany attempt to operate outside of the strictures of patriarchy isforeclosed by her death. Ophelias madness has proved to be apowerful symbol of female insanity over the last four centuries: wecould provide a manual of female insanity by chronicling illustrationsof Ophelia; this is so because the illustrations of Ophelia have playeda major role in the theoretical construction of female insanity'(Showalter, 1985, 80). With the benefit of four hundred years ofhindsight, therefore, Ophelias madness has attained a symbolicsignificance which is a contested site of meaning. Gertrudes part in the play has also provoked a great deal of commentand controversy. Jardine (1995, 316) comments upon the phenomenon ofblame that has become attached to Gertrude. Hamlets apparentobsession with her behaviour has been the subject of muchpsychoanalytical interpretation. However, the recent empha sis onviewing early modern literature within a historicist framework haspresented an alternative to the essentially anachronistic process ofapplying a nineteenth century theoretical framework to a seventeenthcentury play. With a greater historical awareness, it is possible toview Hamlets concerns in a different way: the anxiety about hismothers behaviour that preoccupies him and distracts him from hisostensible duty to avenge the death of his father can be explained byhis mothers apparently unfeminine and inappropriate sexuality.Hamlet describes Gertrudes relationship with Claudius as hot, lustfuland bestial: Nay, but to live In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, Stewd in corruption, honeying and making love Over the nasty sty! (III.iv.91-94) Disgusted by the physical evidence Gertrudes sexuality, Hamlet hasthree issues with his mothers behaviour: he has identified that she ishot (a sign of masculinity in Galens humoural system), he is concernedat the speed with which she has transferred her affiliation from oldHamlet to Claudius (thus refuting the requirement that women should beconstant); and she also seems to behave with too much liberty. As isclear from Poloniuss rebuke to Ophelia, men could be permitted agreater freedom, but a womans freedom to act was severelycircumscribed. Gertrudes lack of restraint is seen by Hamlet asdangerous, both socially and politically. Hamlet is therefore dismayedby the fact that his mother is behaving in such a way as to go beyondthe conventional requirements of feminine behaviour and that she is, inhis eyes, encroaching onto male territory. Though it is true thatGertrude does not have many lines, her role is crucial to Hamletsstate of mind and to his ability to act in a way that he perce ives asmanly. In marrying Claudius, Gertrude has also retained politicalpower as queen and this has almost certainly had the effect of barringHamlet from inheriting the throne from his dead father. It can beargued, then, that in her relationship with Hamlet she has a level ofpersonal and political power that is the cause of his inability to takethe action that feels is necessary to avenge the death of his father. Gertrude and Ophelia, though they have relatively few lines, both havepivotal roles to play in Hamlet. Their influence over the outcome ofthe play is far in excess of the number of lines spoken by them. Bothof them are seen to go beyond what was the conventionally idealisedfeminine roles ascribed to them by early modern society. That theirbehaviour causes anxiety in the male characters in the play is clear:Laertes, Polonius, Claudius and Hamlet are all preoccupied by theirbehaviour, yet are unable to exert the necessary control thatpatriarchal power structures require of th em. Although the socialnorms of patriarchy are clearly inscribed into this play, the womencharacters display a level of non-conformity that enables them tosubvert the power structures that seek to restrain them. Shakespearehas inscribed into this play a complexity of characterisation in bothGertrude and Ophelia that denies the simplistic category of femaleweakness into which their society might have tried to fit them. 4. King Lear Ann Thompson (1991, 125) has commented on the difficulties thatthis play creates in that too much critical attention has turned KingLear into a play exclusively or primarily about male power, butKathleen McLuskie (1985, 103) argues that the text containspossibilities for subverting these meanings and the potential forreconstructing them in feminist terms. In the opening scene of theplay, we are presented with what McLuskie refers to as a love test,based on the structure of a folk tale. The King creates a situationwhereby the fate of his kingdom and his daughters depends upon theirverbal declarations of love. However, if the ideal type of womanhood,as defined in early modern society, lies in its silence and modestrestraint, is could be argued that Lear is tempting his daughters intoerror by requiring such public verbal displays. He exposes hisdaughters to the unseemliness of a living woman conveying her feelingsin a public format (Barker Kamps, 1995, 4). Shakespeare is thusproblemati sing Lears behaviour from the outset: he embarks upon acourse that demands that his daughters prove their love by floutingpatriarchal conventions. The women are thus trapped: whatever they sayor do not say, they run the risk of disobedience, either to theirfather or to the wider requirements of proper feminine behaviour. In Lears three daughters and their responses to this situation, weare presented with alternative types of female behaviour and the playalso focuses attention on their agency as it relates to the patriarchalstructures within which they operate. The play could be said to be anillustration of the weakness and folly of two old men Lear andGloucester who, as their physical powers diminish, lose their socialand political powers as well. Just as the source of womens weaknesscan be traced to their bodies, so it might be argued that a bodilydecline in old men renders them weak and vulnerable. In the subsequentpower struggle, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia all make choices tha tgovern their future and that determine the course of the subsequentdrama. Although this leads to the depiction of Goneril and Regan aspredatory adulteresses, whilst Cordelia ultimately becomes a victim whois unable to survive, it is nonetheless true to say that all three ofthese women seize opportunities to make their own choices anddecisions. From the outset, Cordelia is characterised as the pictureof modest womanly constraint, as she punctuates her sisters smoothrendition of filial loyalty with comments such as: What shall Cordeliaspeak? Love and be silent (I.i.61) and Then poor Cordelia! / And yetnot so; since I am sure my loves / More ponderous than my tongue'(I.i.75-77). Cordelias virtue lies in her observation of duty andobedience and she is aware that every adult woman must divide her dutyand obedience between her husband and her father. Though this stanceis shown to place her in a double bind that leads to exile and thendeath, yet she has exercised her own choice and has re sisted pressurefrom her father to take another course. In choosing the path of truthto herself, she has become her own moral arbiter and is the first ofthe three daughters to openly rebel against her father